In ecosystem-based fishery management (EBFM), which factors are considered in decision making?

• A. Climate effects and market demand
• B. Bycatch, habitat impacts, predator-prey dynamics, and climate effects
• C. Predator-prey dynamics only
• D. Habitat impacts only

Answer: (B)

In ecosystem-based fishery management, decisions are guided by how the whole ecosystem responds to fishing and natural changes, not just the target stock. Bycatch matters because catching non-target species can ripple through food webs, altering predator-prey relationships and overall ecosystem balance. Habitat impacts are crucial since many species rely on specific habitats for spawning, feeding, and juvenile development; damaging those habitats can reduce recruitment and resilience. Predator-prey dynamics describe how shifts in one species affect others, influencing population sizes and stability. Climate effects are essential because changes in temperature, currents, and ocean chemistry alter where species occur, how fast they grow, and when they reproduce. Taken together, these factors provide a broad, integrated view that helps managers protect ecosystem structure and function while pursuing sustainable yields. Focusing on only one aspect—like predator-prey relationships or habitat alone—misses important interactions and climate-driven changes, which is why the comprehensive set is the best choice.